Bladder cancer is a form of cancer that begins in the bladder and spreads out of control when cells reach the urine bladder. Cancer cells may form a tumor when they initially appear and spread to other places of the body over time. The kidneys and urethras can also develop urothelial carcinoma (bladder cancer), however the bladder is the most common site.
The type of bladder cell from which cancer develops determines the type of cancer. It could include the following items:
If patients observe discolored urine and are afraid that it may contain blood, they should make an appointment with their doctor right once to have it tested.
Bladder cancer may be increased by smoking cigarettes and being exposed to chemicals.
The following approaches can be used to diagnose bladder cancer:
After confirming that you have bladder cancer, your doctor may suggest you some tests to determine whether your cancer has spread to your lymph nodes or to other areas of your body. Tests may include:
Bladder cancer can be rated out with a staging system that goes from stages 0 to 4 to identify the criticality of how far the cancer has spread. The stages of bladder cancer mean the following:
Bladder cancer in stage 0 hasn't gone beyond the bladder lining.
Stage 1 bladder cancer has spread beyond the lining of the bladder but not to the bladder's muscular layer.
stage 2 In stage 2 bladder cancer, the cancer has spread to the bladder's muscle layer.
Stage 3 bladder cancer has spread to the bladder's surrounding tissues.
Stage 4 Bladder cancer in Stage 4 has spread beyond the bladder to other parts of the body.
The oncosurgeon decides surgical intervention based on the type of cancer. Approaches to bladder cancer surgery might include:
Although there's no guaranteed way to prevent bladder cancer, but following are the steps which can be taken to reduce the risk.
According to the research, five-year survival rates by stage are the following:
Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women leading to even death in women.
The classical sign of breast cancer is a lump in the breast or an armpit in the breast. in addition, other common signs include:
most lumps in breast are non-cancerous, therefore, it is suggested that a woman should visit a doctor for an examination on noticing a lump in her breast.
An oncosurgeon defines the stages of any cancer on the basis of severity or to what extent the cancer has spread in the body. Similarly,the size of the tumour in breast and the extent it has spread to other parts of the body defines the staging in breast cancer.
Stage 0: This is the earliest stage of breast cancer,called as ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). In this stage, the cancerous cells are limited to within the ducts and have not spread to the surrounding tissues.
Stage 1: The tumour becomes 2 centimetres in size at this stage, however, the cancerous cells have not affected any lymph nodes.
Stage 2: The size of the tumor remains up to 2 cm in size but it starts spreading to several lymph nodes whereas in a few cases, the tumour is larger than 5 cm and does not spread to surrounding lymph nodes.
Stage 3: By this stage, the size of tumour reaches up to 5 cm but it spreads to several lymph nodes.
Stage 4: This is the stage where the cancer cells have spread to distant organs including the bones, liver or lungs.
The exact cause of breast cancer is unknown but following are a few risk factors making it more likely to occur:
1. Age
The risk of breast cancer increases with increasing age in women.
2. Genetics
The chances of developing breast cancer increase if there is a family history of having breast cancer, t. That's the reason women having a family history of breast, ovarian, fallopian tube, or peritoneal cancer are recommended to seek genetic screening
3. History of breast lumps or cancer
Those women who have had breast cancer previously and were treated are still at more risk to have it again in comparison to those women who have no history of the disease. Also women having some types of noncancerous lump in the breast increases the chance of developing cancer later in life.
4. Dense breast tissue
Women with dense breasts are likely to develop breast cancer so it is highly recommended for all women to seek a regular cancer screening.
5. High level of Estrogen
Oestrogen level is high in women who start their menstrual cycle earlier or entering menopause at a later than average age.Extended exposure to estrogenin such women increases the risk of breast cancer.
6. Body weight
Women who become overweight after menopause may have higher chances of developing breast cancer.
7. Alcohol consumption
Excessive alcohol consumption may contribute to the development of breast cancer.
8. Exposure to radiation
Undergoing radiation therapy for a different cancer treatment may be another risk factor to develop breast cancer later in life.
9. Hormone treatment
According to certain studies, oral contraceptives or hormone replacement therapy may increase the risk of breast cancer in women.
Following is a list of certain essential diagnostic tests and procedures done to diagnose breast cancer and determine the size of a tumour, to what extent it has spread and whether it is invasive or non-invasive.
Breast examination: The Oncosurgeon checks the breasts for the lumps and associated signs & symptoms.
Mammogram: This is a type of X-ray that is done to produce images that help t to rule out any lumps or abnormalities in the breast.
Ultrasonography: It helps the specialist to differentiate between a solid mass and a fluid-filled cyst leading to an accurate diagnosis.
MRI: MRI is used as a screening tool for those women who are at higher risk of breast cancer.
Biopsy: A biopsy is done by extracting a sample of tissue from the breast which is sent to the laboratory to analyse whether the cells are cancerous.
Treatment for breast cancer depends on various factors, such as:
Various treatment options include:
The oncosurgeon decides surgical intervention based on the type of cancer. Types of surgeries involved in breast cancer are:
Breast reconstruction can be done at the same time as performing a mastectomy or later. In addition, breast implants can be placed to give a natural look to the breast.
Radiation therapy is given to the patient a month after surgery. Controlled doses of radiation destroy the remaining cancer cells targeting the tumour.
Chemotherapy drugs destroy the cancer cells preventing the risk of recurrence or spread.
Hormone blocking therapy is considered as the only option for those cases who are not suitable candidates for surgery, chemotherapy, or radiotherapy.
Similar to other medical conditions, early detection and treatment usually lead to a positive outlook, works in breast cancer treatment too.
Results are directly proportional with the cancer staging, a patient treated at an early stage 0 or 1, has upto 99% survival rates as compared to the patients getting treatment at advanced stages 2, 3, 4.
Colon cancer is also called colorectal cancer since it combines colon cancer and rectal cancer, it begins in the colon present in the large intestine or in the rectum.
Colon cancer typically affects older adults; however, it can affect people of any age. It begins as small and noncancerous polyps that develop inside the colon, which can develop as colon cancers. Over a period of time it is suggested to undergo regular screening and if any polyp is identified, it can be removed surgically before these convert into cancer.
Patients do not show any symptoms in the early stages of colon cancer, the symptoms appear depending on the cancer's size and location in the large intestine. These symptoms may include the following:
In case colon cancer spreads to other parts of the body, Patients may experience the following symptoms in addition to the abovementioned:
The exact causing factor for colorectal cancer is not known, following risk factors are considered responsible to contribute to the development of colorectal cancer.
Certain investigations are recommended by the specialists to screen patients with either early signs or no signs of colon cancer or noncancerous colon polyps.Identifying colon cancer at its earliest stage helps the oncosurgeon to manage the case with a good success rate.
Like other medical conditions, screening for colon cancer initiates with a medical and family history of the patient followed by a physical examination. Essential tests, which are recommended to rule out the colon cancer are as follows:
Stage 1. This is the early stage of the cancer, where the cancer has penetrated the lining of the colon or rectum but has not spread to the walls of surrounding organs.
Stage 2. At this stage, the cancer has spread to the walls of the colon or rectum and has not spread to the lymph nodes or surrounding tissues.
Stage 3. The cancer has spread to the lymph nodes but not to other parts of the body.
Stage 4. This is the most advanced stage and critical one, as at this stage, the cancer has spread to other distant organs, such as the liver or lungs.
Chemotherapy kills cancer cells using certain specific medicines.
Chemotherapy, if given before surgery, might shrink a large cancer so that it is easier for a surgeon to perform the surgery but if the cancer is larger or has spread to the lymph nodes, chemotherapy for colorectal cancer is typically given after surgery to damage any remaining cancer cells in the body and help reduce the risk of cancer recurrence.
Radiation therapy destroys the cancer cells using powerful energy sources.
This type of therapy focuses on particular abnormalities present within the cancer cells and blocks these abnormalities destroying the cancer cells.
Immunotherapy is a treatment that uses a patient's immune system to fight cancer.
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Lung cancer begins in the lungs and is known to be the leading cause of cancer deaths in both women and men.
Lung Cancer shows signs and symptoms when the disease is in an advanced stage. Several signs and symptoms of lung cancer are as follows:
Lung cancer is categorised based on the appearance of lung cancer cells under the microscope,there are two types of lung cancer, which are:
Smoking is known to be the main causing factor contributing to the development of lung cancers. Both smokers and those who are exposed to passive smoke are at a risk of developing lung cancer.
Apart from smoking, there are a few other risk factors for developing lung cancer, those are:
Once lung cancer is diagnosed in a patient,the stage of cancer is determined to know the extent the cancer has spread. various tests and investigations are done to determine the stage of lung cancer.
As in other cancers, stages of lung cancer are also categorised in the range of 0 to 4, where 0 indicates that cancer is limited to the lung only with no expansion to the surrounding organs and tissues while stage 4 indicates cancer has spread to other parts of the body including liver.
Treatment plan for lung cancer is based on a number of factors, such as your overall health, the type and stage of your cancer.
Common procedures to remove lung cancer include:
Radiation therapy is performed using high-powered energy radiations to destroy cancer cells. Radiation therapy can be used before surgery or after surgery. In addition, It is combined with chemotherapy in cases where surgery is not an option.
Chemotherapy drugs are given through a vein in a patient's arm or taken orally to destroy the cancer cells. A combination of drugs is given over a period of weeks or months, with breaks in between allowing the patient to recover from side effects of chemotherapy.
Targeted drug treatments block abnormalities in cancer cells causing cancer cells to die.
Immunotherapy uses a patient's immune system interfering with the process of how cancer cells attack one's immune system.
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